PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Central Paratethys Stages
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian														Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian														Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian														Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian														100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian											Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
			Late Bajocian												Humphresianum		168.4
			Early Bajocian												Humphresianum		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
			Late Toarcian														180.1
			Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian											Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
			Early Toarcian											Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian	Sevatian														208.5
			Alaunian														213.2 *
			Lacian														216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian														227
		Carnian	Julian														233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian														237
		Ladinian	Fassanian														239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian														242
			Pelsonian														243.8 *
			Bithynian														244.7 *
			Aegean														245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Griesbachian		251.4 *
			Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	Zechstein	254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb		266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	Kuzel		298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian			Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian			Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
				Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian		Late Mississippian			323.2
				Arnsbergian					324 *
				Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
						Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian		453
			Turinian							453.7 *
			Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian						Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				Ungurian	477.7
									Stairsian					480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian	Batyrbaian				485.4
		Stage 10							487.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
									Aksaian	490.7 *
									Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian							Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
								Toyonian	510 *
								Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian	514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian	521
																	525.5