PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ten Million Year Bins	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6			0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian									Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5		Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian									Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Cenozoic 4			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3			33.9
		Bartonian							Cenozoic 3			37.71
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2			41.2
		Ypresian							Cenozoic 2			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1			56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian		Cretaceous 8			66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan		Cretaceous 7			72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Cretaceous 6			83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						Cretaceous 4			100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian						Cretaceous 3			113
		Aptian	Early Aptian						Cretaceous 3			119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6			145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5			149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian									174.7
			Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
			Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian									208.5
			Alaunian									213.2 *
			Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian						Triassic 3			227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *				Triassic 3
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	Vokhmian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Griesbachian					251.4 *
			Griesbachian					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4			Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Chhidru	254.14
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
									265.3 *
								Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Amb	266.9
		Roadian			Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	Silurian 1		433.4
		Telychian		Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian			Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian			Batyrbaian		Cambrian 5	485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian						486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian						489.5
							Aksaian			490.7 *
							Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian		Idamean			Sakian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan			Ayusokkanian		Cambrian 4	497
				Boomerangian			Ayusokkanian			499
				Boomerangian						499.5
		Drumian		Undillan			Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian		Floran			Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian			Tuesaian		Cambrian 3	504.5
				Templetonian			505.3
				Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
			Toyonian				510 *
			Toyonian				510.8 *
			Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian				Cambrian 2		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian						521
		Stage 2							525.5
		Fortunian					Cambrian 1		529
												538.8