PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian Subages of Germany	Central Paratethys Stages	Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian				Pannonian										7.246
		Serravallian				Sarmatian										11.63
		Serravallian				Badenian										12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian													100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian													113
		Aptian	Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
			Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
			Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian													174.7
			Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
			Early Toarcian													182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian	Sevatian													208.5
			Alaunian													213.2 *
			Lacian													216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian													227
		Carnian	Julian													233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian													237
		Ladinian	Fassanian													239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian													242
			Pelsonian													243.8 *
			Bithynian													244.7 *
			Aegean													245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian												Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian													248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian													251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Leine	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian								Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian									449.7 *
		Sandbian											453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
				Dobrotivian											458.5 *
				Oretanian											459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian											468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian											477.7
																485.4