PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Permian Subages of Germany	European Faunal Units	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous of China	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of the Salt Range
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian							2.58
				Piacenzian				Ruscinian							3.1 *
				Zanclean				Ruscinian							3.6
			Miocene	Messinian				Turolian							5.333
				Tortonian				Turolian							7.246
				Tortonian				Vallesian							8.7
				Serravallian				Astaracian							11.63
				Langhian				Astaracian							13.82
				Burdigalian				Orleanian							15.98
				Burdigalian				Agenian							20
				Aquitanian				Agenian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
				Bartonian											37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Ypresian											47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian										100.5
					Middle Albian										106.2 *
					Early Albian										109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian										113
				Aptian	Early Aptian										119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian										139.8
					Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
					Early Berriasian										142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian										168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian										168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian										174.7
					Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
					Early Toarcian										182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian	Sevatian										208.5
					Alaunian										213.2 *
					Lacian										216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian										227
				Carnian	Julian										233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian										237
				Ladinian	Fassanian										239.7 *
				Anisian	Illyrian										242
					Pelsonian										243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai		251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai		Buntsandstein		251.902
									252.4 *
					Chhidru				252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian		Chhidru				254.14
					Kalabagh			255 *
					Wargal			256 *
								Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller		Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian				Leine		Urzhumian	264.28
										265.3 *
					Amb					266.1 *
			Roadian		Amb			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian		Sokian			Kazanian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian		Artinskian			Sarginian		283.5
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian			Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian		Asselian			Shikhanian		293.52
								Uskalykian		294.8
								Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian							Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean							Shangsian	330.9
			Visean							Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian			Tangbagouan				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
			Katian										445.2
			Sandbian										453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										Ungurian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	485.4
Jiangshanian			489.5										Batyrbaian
			Aksaian	490.7 *
			Sakian	492.2 *
Paibian			Sakian	494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan		505.3
Series 2		Stage 4		509
			Toyonian	510 *
			Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian	515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian	521
		Stage 2		525.5
		Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †				Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †				Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635