PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian Subages	Permian of North America		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian										100.5
			Middle Albian										106.2 *
			Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian										139.8
			Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
			Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian										174.7
			Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
			Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian	Sevatian										208.5
			Alaunian										213.2 *
			Lacian										216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian										227
		Carnian	Julian										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian										237
		Ladinian	Fassanian										239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian										242
			Pelsonian										243.8 *
			Bithynian										244.7 *
			Aegean										245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Vokhmian								247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian										248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian										251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian										251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian					273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian					281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian					283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian					286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian					290.1
		Asselian						Nealian			Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian									Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian									Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian				307					Desmoinesian
		Moscovian				Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian			323.2
		Visean				Chesterian			330.9
						Meramecian			335.8 *
						Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
						Middle Famennian					365.3 *
						Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
						Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
						Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian				Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian					383.7 *
						Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian				Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian				Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian		Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		Gedinnine				410.8
				Middle Lochkovian						412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian						415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran							Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran								514
			Montezuman								514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
													538.8