PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian							100.5
			Middle Albian							106.2 *
			Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian							113
		Aptian	Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian							139.8
			Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
			Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							174.7
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
			Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian	Sevatian							208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian							227
		Carnian	Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian							237
		Ladinian	Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Vokhmian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian	445.2
								Eastonian	449 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian						Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian				467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian				470
				Bendigonian				471.8 *
				Lancefieldian				473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian				477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian				482.8 *
										485.4