PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Russian Platform		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian									Lujanian						0.129
											Ensenadan						0.3 *
																Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian														Castlecliffian	0.774
																Nukumaruan	1.63
											Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian															1.8
		Gelasian														Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean						2.58
											Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
																Waipipian	3
		Zanclean														Waipipian	3.6
											Montehermosan					Opoitian	3.7 *
											Huayquerian					Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian														Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
											Chasicoan						7.9 *
											Mayoan						9.9 *
											Laventan						10.9 *
															Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian														Waiauan	11.63
																Lillburnian	13.05
											Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian															13.82
																Clifdenian	15.1
											Friasian					Clifdenian	15.4 *
															Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
											Santacrucian						16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
																Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian															20.44
											Deseadan						20.9 *
															Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Waitakian	23.03
																Duntroonian	25.2
																Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian									Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
															Arnold	Runangan	34.6
											Divisaderan					Runangan	35.9 *
																Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian														Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian														Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian															41.2
											Mustersan						41.9 *
															Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
																Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian															47.8
											Casamayoran						47.9 *
																Mangaorapan	48.9
																Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican					Teurian	56
											Itaboraian						56.9 *
											Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian									Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Gallic		Motuan	100.5
			Late Albian				Urutawan	103.3
			Middle Albian				Urutawan	106.2 *
			Middle Albian			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian					113
			Late Aptian					117.5
			Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian					139.8
			Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
			Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Late Bajocian							Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian							Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Late Toarcian								180.1
			Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Early Toarcian						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian	Sevatian								208.5
			Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian								227
		Carnian	Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian								237
		Ladinian	Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian								242
			Pelsonian								243.8 *
			Bithynian								244.7 *
			Aegean								245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian								Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian									248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian									251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian									251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
		Wuchiapingian									Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian									Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
												Filipovian	276.5 *
												Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian									Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
												Irginian	285.9 *
												Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian									Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian									Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian									Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
												Uskalykian	294.8
												Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden						Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf						Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian		393.3
		Pragian				Siegen		407.6
		Pragian				Siegen	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
																	419.2