PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Pamirs	Precambrian of Russia	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Cenozoic 6		0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Serravallian										Cenozoic 5		11.63
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Cenozoic 4		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										Cenozoic 4		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										Cenozoic 3		33.9
				Bartonian										Cenozoic 3		37.71
				Lutetian										Cenozoic 2		41.2
				Ypresian										Cenozoic 2		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Cenozoic 1		56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									Cretaceous 4		100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian									Cretaceous 3		113
				Aptian	Early Aptian									Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Jurassic 6		145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Jurassic 6		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian									Jurassic 5		149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									Jurassic 4		165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras							168.2
					Late Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
					Early Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					Jurassic 3		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
									Planulata							179.3 *
											Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
					Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
									Kanense							181.3 *
									Carlottense							182.3 *
					Early Toarcian				Carlottense							182.9 *
					Early Toarcian				Kunae							183.5 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Kunae					Jurassic 2		184.2
									Freboldi							185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
							189.2 *			Tetraspidoceras
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras							Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1	192.9
Pseudaetomoceras									Psiloceras	196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian						208.5
				Alaunian						213.2 *
				Lacian						216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian					Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian					Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian						239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian						242
				Pelsonian						243.8 *
				Bithynian						244.7 *
				Aegean						245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian						251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian						251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Dzhulfian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Midian		259.51
			Wordian						Midian		264.28
			Wordian						Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian						Murgabian	Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
			Kungurian						Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian						Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian						Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian						Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
			Asselian						Asselian	Permian 1	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Carboniferous 5	Kuzel	298.9
											Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian									Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian							Carboniferous 4		Cantabrian	307
											Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
												Westphalian C	309.8
												Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian									Westphalian B	315.2
												Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian					Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
											Alportian	322 *
											Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Carboniferous 3	Chokierian	323.2
											Arnsbergian	324 *
											Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian				Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
						Livian				Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian					Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian								Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian								Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli					Bringewood/Elton					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian					425.6
			Gorstian		Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas			427.4
			Homerian		Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					Silurian 1			433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5						Kosovian	443.8
			Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4								453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
				Dobrotivian	458.5 *
				Oretanian	459.7 *
					Sarka †							461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Klabava †							467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian								468
Early Ordovician		Floian		Arenigian								470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian										Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau			1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan			1375
																1400