PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Pamirs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian Subages	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									Senonian	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									Gallic	100.5
			Middle Albian										106.2 *
			Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian										139.8
			Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
			Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian										174.7
			Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
			Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian	Sevatian										208.5
			Alaunian										213.2 *
			Lacian										216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian										227
		Carnian	Julian										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian										237
		Ladinian	Fassanian										239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian										242
			Pelsonian										243.8 *
			Bithynian										244.7 *
			Aegean										245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian										247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian										248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian										251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian										251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian						Melekhovian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian				Zechstein				254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	Tatarian	Vyatkian		Zechstein				256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian		Severodvinian		Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian						264.28
											Noginskian		264.9 *
					Murgabian								266.2 *
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian						266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian						273.01
							Filipovian						276.5 *
											Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
					Bolorian								279.8
							Saraninian						280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
							Irginian		285.9 *
					Yakhtashian				286
									Rusavkinian	287.6 *
							Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
							Uskalykian			294.8
							Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian							Dorogomilovian	303.7
									Khamovnikian	304.8
									Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian							Myachkovian	307
									Podolskian	308.9 *
									Kashirian	311.4 *
									Vereian	313.8
									Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian							Melekessian	315.2
									Cheremshanian	316.9 *
									Prikamian	318.6 *
									Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
				Voznesenian					321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian					323.2
				Protvian					324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Tarusian					329 *
		Visean		Venevian					330.9
				Mikhailovian					331.9 *
				Aleksinian					333.7 *
				Tulian					335.8 *
				Bobrikian					339.9 *
				Radaevkian					343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian					346.7
				Kizelian					350.7 *
				Cherepetian					351.9 *
				Karakubian					354.4 *
				Upinian					356.3 *
				Malevkian					357.6 *
				Gumerovian					358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian						358.9
				Middle Famennian						365.3 *
				Early Famennian						368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian						372.2
				Middle Frasnian						375.4 *
				Early Frasnian						379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian						382.7
				Middle Givetian						383.7 *
			Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill						Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc						Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Actonian †	453.2 *
					Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
					Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Longvillian †		Aurelucian	456.8 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Aurelucian	457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian		509
		Stage 3						Branchian		514
		Stage 3						Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
													538.8