PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Pamirs	Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of North America						European Faunal Zones	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Calabrian																		0.774
		Gelasian														MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian														MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean														MN 15				3.6
																MN 14				4.2
																MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian														MN 12				7.246
																MN 11				7.75
																MN 10				8.7
																MN 9				9.7
																MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5										MN 7 + 8				11.63
		Serravallian														MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian														MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian														MN 4				15.98
																MN 3				16.9
																MN 2				20
		Aquitanian														MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian														MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3														33.9
		Bartonian				Cenozoic 3														37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Ypresian				Cenozoic 2														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1														56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8														66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7														72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6														83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Cretaceous 4														100.5
			Middle Albian																	106.2 *
			Early Albian																	109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3														113
		Aptian	Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3														119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2														121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2														125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1														132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian																	139.8
			Middle Berriasian																	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian																	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6														145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6														146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5														149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian																	152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian																154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian																157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4														165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian																	168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian																	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian																	174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian		259.51
		Wordian			Midian		264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian			Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
											Richmondian	Kralodvorian		446 *
				Berounian							Richmondian	449.7 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
											Edenian			450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4					Chatfieldian			453
											Turinian			453.7 *
											Turinian			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Whiterockian		Canadian †		Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
													Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3											458.4
				Dobrotivian													458.5 *
				Oretanian													459.7 *
													Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian				Ordovician 2							Klabava †				467.3
				Arenigian													468
											Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian									Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		Tremadocian					Tulean							477.7
											Stairsian							480.3 *
											Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5		Late Cambrian					Skullrockian								485.4
		Stage 10																	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	489.5
		Paibian																	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4		Middle Cambrian													497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4															500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																				538.8