PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian									0.0117
		Chibanian					Sheridanian									0.129
		Chibanian					Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
		Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan									0.774
		Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Pannonian		9.4
		Serravallian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Sarmatian		11.63
							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							Sarmatian		12.5
														Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
								Monroecreekian								23.1 *
								Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian						Geringian								27.82
		Rupelian														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian														37
		Bartonian														37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							56
		Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1							60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1							61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian													100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian													113
		Aptian	Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
			Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
			Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian									Kawhia	Ohauan			150
			Early Kimmeridgian										Ohauan			152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian										Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan				176
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
			Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran				188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan				208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
						Otamitan				217
						Oretian				221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian				227
			Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan				227.5
			Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Longobardian			Etalian		238
			Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
						Puruhauan			254.2
						Puruhauan			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	Midian			259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian		Flettian				264.28
							Barettian				266
								Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian			Kazanian				Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian				Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian		273.01
							Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian			276
								Filipovian			276.5 *
								Filipovian	Bolorian		279.8
								Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian			Sarginian			283.5
							Telfordian	Sarginian			285
								Irginian			285.9 *
								Irginian	Yakhtashian		286
								Burtsevian			287.8 *
								Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian			Tastubian	Sakmarian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian			Shikhanian	Asselian		293.52
								Uskalykian			294.8
								Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian		Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan	Stage 5 †			504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran						506.5	Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran						Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																538.8