PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian									Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian									Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian									Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian									Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean									Chapadmalalan				3.6
													Montehermosan				3.7 *
													Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
													Chasicoan				7.9 *
													Mayoan				9.9 *
													Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian									Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian									Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian									Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian									Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian									Friasian				15.98
													Santacrucian				16.2 *
													Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian									Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian									Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
				Rupelian									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian									Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian									Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Lutetian									Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian									Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian									Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican				56
													Itaboraian				56.9 *
													Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
				Danian									Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												100.5
					Middle Albian												106.2 *
					Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian												113
				Aptian	Early Aptian												119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
					Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
					Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan							145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
					Late Kimmeridgian				Kawhia	Ohauan							150
					Early Kimmeridgian					Ohauan							152.2 *
					Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian							154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
			Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
				Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian				233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
				Longobardian			Etalian	238
				Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
				Smithian				248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian	249
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
				Griesbachian				251.4 *
				Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	254.14
							Puruhauan	254.2
							Puruhauan	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian	Aparima		Flettian	259.51
			Wordian			Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
			Wordian			Urzhumian			Barettian	266
			Roadian			Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian			Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
								Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian	276
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian			Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
								Sarginian	Telfordian	285
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
								Burtsevian		288.5
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian			Asselian		Shikhanian		Bursumian †	293.52
								Uskalykian			294.8
								Surenian			297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian								Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian								Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian					307	Desmoinesian
			Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian					Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian					Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian					Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian					Chesterian	323.2
			Visean		Middle Mississippian					Chesterian	330.9
										Meramecian	335.8 *
										Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Early Mississippian					Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian		Early Mississippian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien						Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian											Siegen	407.6
			Pragian		Coblencien									Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine									Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli													419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian												423
		Ludlow	Gorstian												425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian												427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian												430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian												433.4
			Aeronian												438.5
			Rhuddanian												440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												443.8
			Katian												445.2
			Sandbian												453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian												467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian												470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian												477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
			Jiangshanian												489.5
			Paibian												494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian												497
Drumian			500.5
Wuliuan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan	1375
																	1400