PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6		0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian							Clarendonian	Cenozoic 5		11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
									Hemingfordian			16.3
									Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
									Whitneyan			29.5
									Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian	Cenozoic 3		33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan	Cenozoic 2		41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian			47.8
									Wasatchian			50.5
									Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1		56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian							Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian							Cretaceous 4		100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian							Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian							Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	Permian 3	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	Permian 3	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2	273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian					Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
							Meramecian		335.8 *
							Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8				Devonian 1
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian				Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian				Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514	Dyeran
								Montezuman	514.8 *
								Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
												538.8