PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian Subages	Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian			0.0117
				Chibanian									0.129
				Calabrian									0.774
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean			2.58
				Zanclean						Yushean			3.6
				Zanclean						Baodean			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian						Tunggurian			11.1
				Serravallian						Tunggurian			11.63
				Langhian						Shanwangian			13.82
				Burdigalian						Shanwangian			15.98
				Burdigalian						Xiejiaan			16.9
				Aquitanian						Xiejiaan			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
				Bartonian									37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Ypresian									47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian									56
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian								100.5
					Middle Albian								106.2 *
					Early Albian								109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian								113
				Aptian	Early Aptian								119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian								139.8
					Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
					Early Berriasian								142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras						168.2
					Late Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
					Early Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
							Planulata						179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
					Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
							Kanense						181.3 *
							Carlottense						182.3 *
					Early Toarcian		Carlottense						182.9 *
					Early Toarcian		Kunae						183.5 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae						184.2
							Freboldi						185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
							189.2 *	Tetraspidoceras
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras							Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
Pseudaetomoceras								Psiloceras	196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian	Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian					227
			Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
									Middle Famennian		365.3 *
									Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian						Late Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
									Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
									Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian		383.7 *
									Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian			Late Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian			Early Eifelian			Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian			Emsian	393.3
			Emsian			Early Emsian			Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian			Pragian			Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
			Sandbian								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
			Tremadocian		477.7
			Tremadocian		Mansian †		483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian			485.4
			Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian						489.5
					Aksaian						490.7 *
					Sakian						492.2 *
			Paibian								494
			Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian						497
			Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian						499.5
			Drumian		Mayan/Menevian						500.5
			Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan						509
					Toyonian		Lenian †				510 *
					Botomian						512.5 *
			Stage 3		Botomian						514
Atdabanian			Stage 3		515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian		521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
													1400