PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian Subages	Carboniferous Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian		Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian		Late Pliocene			3.1 *
		Zanclean								Ruscinian		Early Pliocene			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian		Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian					7.246
		Tortonian								Vallesian					8.7
		Serravallian								Astaracian		Middle Miocene			11.63
		Langhian								Astaracian		Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian								Orleanian		Early Miocene			15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian					20
		Aquitanian								Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	MP 16		37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras										168.2
			Late Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
			Early Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
					Planulata										179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
					Kanense										181.3 *
					Carlottense										182.3 *
			Early Toarcian		Carlottense										182.9 *
			Early Toarcian		Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae										184.2
					Freboldi										185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian			358.9
								Middle Famennian			365.3 *
								Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian				372.2
				Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
				Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
				Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian				410.8
				Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian			485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian					489.5
					Aksaian	Aksaian					490.7 *
					Sakian	Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian		Amgan/Solvan	504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
			Toyonian		Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
			Botomian		Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian		Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian		Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		Tommotian		521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
															538.8