PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian															Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian															Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian															Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian															Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian															Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †	Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian															Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean															Chapadmalalan				3.6
																	Montehermosan				3.7 *
																	Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
																	Chasicoan				7.9 *
																	Mayoan				9.9 *
																	Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian															Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian															Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian															Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian															Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian															Friasian				15.98
																	Santacrucian				16.2 *
																	Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian															Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian															Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
		Rupelian																			27.82
		Rupelian															Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian															Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian															Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian																			37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Lutetian															Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian															Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian															Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Riochican				56
																	Itaboraian				56.9 *
																	Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
		Danian															Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												Senonian						66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												Gallic						100.5
			Middle Albian																		106.2 *
			Early Albian																		109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian																		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian																		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian																		139.8
			Middle Berriasian																		140.6 *
			Early Berriasian																		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian															Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian																		149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian																Kawhia	Ohauan	150
			Early Kimmeridgian																	Ohauan	152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian																	Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Late Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Early Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Herangi	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Ururoan	176
						Planulata		179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
						Kanense			181.3 *
						Carlottense			182.3 *
			Early Toarcian			Carlottense			182.9 *
			Early Toarcian			Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Kunae			184.2
						Freboldi			185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Aratauran			188.9
										189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					Warepan		208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
								Otamitan		217
								Oretian		221
		Carnian	Tuvalian					Oretian		227
			Tuvalian				Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
			Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian							237
			Longobardian					Etalian		238
			Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
			Aegean					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian							247.2
			Smithian							248.9 *
			Smithian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
			Griesbachian							251.4 *
			Griesbachian				DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
								Puruhauan			254.2
								Puruhauan			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian			Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian					Flettian	264.28
		Wordian					Urzhumian					Barettian	266
		Roadian					Kazanian				Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian				Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
											Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian	276
											Filipovian		276.5 *
											Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian				Sarginian		283.5
				Telfordian							Sarginian	285
											Irginian	285.9 *
											Burtsevian	287.8 *
											Burtsevian	288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian				Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian				Shikhanian	293.52
											Uskalykian	294.8
											Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian								489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												489.5
									Aksaian					490.7 *
									Sakian					492.2 *
						Maentwrogian								493.1 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids				Ayusokkanian					Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian						499.5
		Drumian	500.5						Mayan/Menevian
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan		Caerfai									509
			Toyonian									Lenian †		510 *
			Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian											514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian											515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian											521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian											525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian									Manykaian †		529
																					538.8