PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of Australia	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian									Lujanian						0.129
		Chibanian									Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian									Ensenadan						0.774
		Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean									Chapadmalalan						3.6
											Montehermosan						3.7 *
											Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian			7.246
											Chasicoan						7.9 *
											Mayoan						9.9 *
											Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian												Sarmatian		Cenozoic 5	11.63
														Badenian			12.8 *
											Colloncuran			Badenian			13.7 *
		Langhian									Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian									Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Friasian						15.98
											Santacrucian						16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
		Aquitanian									Colhuehuapian						20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian									Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian									Tinguirirican					Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian									Divisaderan						35.9 *
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian														Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian									Mustersan						41.9 *
		Ypresian									Mustersan						47.8
		Ypresian									Casamayoran						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican					Cenozoic 1	56
											Itaboraian						56.9 *
											Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian									Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian													Cretaceous 4	100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian													Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian	Early Aptian													Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Late Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
			Late Toarcian					180.1
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
			Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian				Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian		259.51
		Wordian					Midian		264.28
		Wordian					Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian					Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian						Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean						Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian						Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
				Alexandrian								438.7 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian								Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian									Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian										449.7 *
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4						453
												Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3									458.4
				Dobrotivian											458.5 *
				Oretanian											459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †	Ordovician 2						467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Datsonian						Cambrian 5			485.4
		Stage 10				Payntonian									486.8 *
		Jiangshanian				Iverian									489.5
		Paibian				Idamean									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Mindyallan						Cambrian 4			497
		Guzhangian				Boomerangian									499
		Drumian				Undillan									500.5
		Drumian				Floran									503
		Wuliuan				Templetonian						Cambrian 3			504.5
		Wuliuan				Ordian									507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian									509
		Stage 4													510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
																	538.8