PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6									Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian										0.0117
		Chibanian				Lujanian										0.129
						Ensenadan										0.3 *
															Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian													Castlecliffian	0.774
															Nukumaruan	1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian														1.8
		Gelasian													Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean										2.58
						Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
															Waipipian	3
		Zanclean													Waipipian	3.6
						Montehermosan									Opoitian	3.7 *
						Huayquerian									Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
						Chasicoan										7.9 *
						Mayoan										9.9 *
						Laventan										10.9 *
														Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5										Waiauan	11.63
															Lillburnian	13.05
						Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian														13.82
															Clifdenian	15.1
						Friasian									Clifdenian	15.4 *
														Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
						Santacrucian										16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
															Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian														20.44
						Deseadan										20.9 *
														Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4										Waitakian	23.03
															Duntroonian	25.2
															Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian				Tinguirirican										28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3											33.9
														Arnold	Runangan	34.6
						Divisaderan									Runangan	35.9 *
															Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian													Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian													Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2											41.2
						Mustersan										41.9 *
														Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
															Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian														47.8
						Casamayoran										47.9 *
															Mangaorapan	48.9
															Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1	Riochican									Teurian	56
						Itaboraian										56.9 *
						Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian				Tiupampan										62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Senonian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	Cretaceous 7					Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Cretaceous 6					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5					Arowhanan	93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian	Cretaceous 4		Gallic			Motuan	100.5
			Late Albian						Urutawan	103.3
			Middle Albian				106.2 *		Urutawan
			Middle Albian				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian	Cretaceous 3					113
			Late Aptian						117.5
			Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian						139.8
			Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
			Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6				145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5				149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Late Bajocian								Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian								Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Late Toarcian									180.1
			Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Early Toarcian							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian									208.5
			Alaunian									213.2 *
			Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Triassic 3						227
		Carnian	Julian			Triassic 3						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			Triassic 2						237
		Ladinian	Fassanian									239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian									242
			Pelsonian									243.8 *
			Bithynian									244.7 *
			Aegean									245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Triassic 1						247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian									248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian									251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian									251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4						251.902
		Wuchiapingian										254.14
		Wuchiapingian										Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian								259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian								264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3	Kazanian						Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Permian 3	Kazanian						Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	Kungurian						Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
												Filipovian	276.5 *
												Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian						Sarginian	283.5
												Irginian	285.9 *
												Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian						Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian						Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Permian 1	Asselian						Shikhanian	293.52
												Uskalykian	294.8
												Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5			Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4			Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3			Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1			407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1	529
																538.8