PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cambrian of West Avalonia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean						0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean						0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean						0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean						0.129
								Irvingtonian						0.21
											Ensenadan			0.3 *
				Calabrian										0.774
								Blancan						1.4
											Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
				Gelasian							Sanandresian			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean			2.58
				Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
				Zanclean							Chapadmalalan			3.6
											Montehermosan			3.7 *
								Hemphillian			Montehermosan			4.7
											Huayquerian			4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
											Chasicoan			7.9 *
								Clarendonian			Chasicoan			9.4
											Mayoan			9.9 *
											Laventan			10.9 *
				Serravallian			Cenozoic 5							11.63
								Barstovian						12.5
											Colloncuran			13.7 *
				Langhian							Colloncuran			13.82
				Langhian							Friasian			15.4 *
				Burdigalian							Friasian			15.98
											Santacrucian			16.2 *
								Hemingfordian			Santacrucian			16.3
								Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
								Arikareean						18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
				Aquitanian							Deseadan			20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4							23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
											Tinguirirican			28.9 *
								Whitneyan						29.5
								Orellan						31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3	Chadronian						33.9
								Chadronian			Divisaderan			35.9 *
								Duchesnean						37
				Bartonian				Duchesnean						37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian			Cenozoic 2							41.2
											Mustersan			41.9 *
								Bridgerian						46.2
				Ypresian										47.8
											Casamayoran			47.9 *
								Wasatchian						50.5
								Clarkforkian						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian			Riochican			56
								Tiffanian			Riochican			56.2
											Itaboraian			56.9 *
											Peligran			58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian						60.9
				Danian										61.6
											Tiupampan			62.4 *
								Puercan			Tiupampan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8							66
Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	Cretaceous 7	72.1
Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Cretaceous 6	83.6
Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	Late Albian	Cretaceous 4	100.5
				Middle Albian		106.2 *
				Early Albian		109.9 *
			Aptian	Late Aptian	Cretaceous 3	113
			Aptian	Early Aptian	Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
			Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
			Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
			Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
			Berriasian	Late Berriasian		139.8
				Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian			Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian			Permian 1	Bursumian †		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	Virgilian		298.9
			Kasimovian				Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian				Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian				Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Carboniferous 2	Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3	Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2			Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Devonian 1			Siegen	407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1				433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	Late Cambrian				485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian				497
			Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan		Cambrian 3						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3	Branchian				Early Cambrian	509
			Stage 3		Cambrian 2	Branchian					514
			Stage 3			Placentian					517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan								1375
														1400