PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian										Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5									11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Cenozoic 4									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3									33.9
		Bartonian			Cenozoic 3									37.71
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2									41.2
		Ypresian			Cenozoic 2									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1									56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Cretaceous 4									100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3									113
		Aptian	Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3									119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5									149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
			Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
			Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2									184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1									192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4									201.4
		Norian	Sevatian											208.5
			Alaunian											213.2 *
			Lacian											216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3									227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
				Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4				453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
				Aurelucian					Longvillian †		456.8 *
				Aurelucian					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig			Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Tremadoc			Migneintian			477.7
					Tremadoc			Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran	Cambrian 2							514
			Montezuman								514.8 *
			Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1							529
														538.8