PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Permian Subages of Germany	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian								Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian								Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian								Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian								Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean		Tertiary †					2.58
		Piacenzian								Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean								Chapadmalalan							3.6
										Montehermosan							3.7 *
										Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
										Chasicoan							7.9 *
										Mayoan							9.9 *
										Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5					Laventan							11.63
		Serravallian								Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian								Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian								Friasian							15.98
										Santacrucian							16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian								Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4												23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian								Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3					Tinguirirican							33.9
		Priabonian								Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Lutetian								Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian								Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian								Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1					Riochican							56
										Itaboraian							56.9 *
										Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian								Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8												66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Cretaceous 4												100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3												113
		Aptian	Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3												119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2												125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6												145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5												149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian				Leine		264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1						Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1						Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470	Ordovician 2
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10										Niuchehean		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Paibian			494
		Paibian										Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	Series 3 †							Marjumian	Albertian †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4								Marjumian		Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †					Topazan		Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					Delamaran		Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	Duyunian		509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		Duyunian		511 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2								Dyeran		Nangaoian		514
												Montezuman				514.8 *
												Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1										Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1										Jinnigian		530.7
																	538.8