PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan													Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian													Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian													Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian													Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian													Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †													2.58
				Zanclean																	3.6
				Zanclean													Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian													Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian													Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian													Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
																	Hemingfordian				16.3
																	Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
				Rupelian																	27.82
																	Whitneyan				29.5
																	Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian				33.9
				Priabonian													Duchesnean				37
				Bartonian													Duchesnean				37.71
				Bartonian													Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian													Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian													Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian													Bridgerian				47.8
																	Wasatchian				50.5
																	Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Clarkforkian				56
				Thanetian													Tiffanian				56.2
				Selandian													Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian													Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian													Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian													Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian															Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian															Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian															Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian															Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian															Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															Late Albian		100.5
																			Middle Albian		106.2 *
																			Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian															Late Aptian		113
				Aptian															Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian															Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian															Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian															Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian															Late Berriasian		139.8
																			Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																			Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian															Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian															Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan				Late Kimmeridgian		150
Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *										Ohauan
Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian	154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras			Late Bajocian		168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian		168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Late Toarcian		174.7
				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi				Ururoan	176
				Planulata						179.3 *
										Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Kanense							181.3 *
				Carlottense							182.3 *
				Carlottense			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
				Kunae			Early Toarcian				183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
				Freboldi							185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi							Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Aratauran			188.9
												189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras							Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras						Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour		Otapirian			201.4
			Norian						Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
										Alaunian		213.2 *
										Lacian		216.7 *
									Otamitan			217
									Oretian			221
			Carnian						Oretian	Tuvalian		227
							Gore		Kaihikuan	Tuvalian		227.5
										Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian		237
									Etalian	Longobardian		238
										Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian							Illyrian		242
	Pelsonian							243.8 *
	Bithynian							244.7 *
	Aegean							245.5 *
	Aegean							Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian						247.2
			Smithian						248.9 *
			Smithian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian						251.2
			Griesbachian						251.4 *
			Griesbachian				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan		251.902
			Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
			Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		Longtanian †		254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		Longtanian †		254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Aparima		Flettian		259.51
			Wordian							Flettian		264.28
			Wordian							Barettian		266
			Roadian									266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
			Kungurian							Mangapirian		276
			Artinskian							Mangapirian		283.5
										Telfordian		285
												288.5
			Sakmarian									290.1
			Asselian									293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare						419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma						421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare						423
			Ludfordian			Paadla						423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula						427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu						429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu						430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani						431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani						433.4
			Telychian			Adavere					434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere					438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian					443.8
			Katian			Gamachian					445.2
						Richmondian					446 *
						Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian						450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian						451.1 *
			Sandbian			Chatfieldian						453
						Turinian						453.7 *
					Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
			Dapingian										467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian							469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian			Tulean								473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean								477.7
						Stairsian								480.3 *
						Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
			Stage 10		Sunwaptan						Niuchehean						487.5
			Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan						Jiangshanian						489.5
Steptoean			Jiangshanian		493 *						Jiangshanian
			Paibian		Paibian				494
			Paibian		Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Series 3 †		Guzhangian				Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Drumian		500.5		Wangcunian †		Marjumian
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Delamaran		506.5
Series 2		Stage 4					Duyunian				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Duyunian				Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Nangaoian				Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2					Meishucunian	521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian	529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian	530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †				Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †				Wonokan †	571.7 *
																					635