PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Central Paratethys Stages
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian														Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian														Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian														Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian			100.5
														Middle Albian			106.2 *
														Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian			113
		Aptian												Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian			139.8
														Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
														Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras											Late Bajocian			168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense											Late Bajocian			168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense											Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta											Late Toarcian			174.7
			Planulata														179.3 *
					Arnioceras arnouldi												179.8 *
														Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Kanense														181.3 *
			Carlottense														182.3 *
			Carlottense											Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Kunae											Early Toarcian			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae											Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
			Freboldi														185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras													186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras													189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis													190.3 *
		Sinemurian												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras												196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites														196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites											Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian					Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian	227
		Carnian					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian						Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian							Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian							Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian						Bolindian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2					Bolindian
			Kralodvorian		Eastonian					449 *
			Berounian		Eastonian					449.7 *
					Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †								458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian									458.5 *
			Oretanian									459.7 *
				Sarka †								461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †	Yapeenian							467.3
			Arenigian		Yapeenian							468
					Castlemainian							468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian							470
					Bendigonian							471.8 *
					Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian		Lancefieldian		Ungurian					477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian		Warendian	482.8 *	Ungurian
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian	489.5
						Aksaian	490.7 *
						Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan					Tuesaian					Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
							Toyonian						510 *
							Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian						514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian						521
																	525.5