PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian					Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Yushean				Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene	3.6
						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										4.7
											Baodean					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
											Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian													Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian									Shanwangian					13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene	15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Xiejiaan					16.9
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene	23.03
							Monroecreekian									23.1 *
							Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian					Geringian		Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian					Early Eocene	47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan						Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan						Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras													168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense													168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta													174.7
			Planulata													179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian										192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras								196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian					Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian								Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean					477.7
			Stairsian	480.3 *
			Skullrockian	Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Skullrockian								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																538.8