PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127688 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Zones	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Silurian of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean											0.129
						Irvingtonian											0.21
								Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian															0.774
						Blancan											1.4
								Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan						MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian						MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian						MN 16			2.58
								Waipipian						MN 16			3
														MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean															3.6
								Opoitian									3.7
														MN 14			4.2
						Hemphillian								MN 14			4.7
														MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian												MN 12			7.246
														MN 11			7.75
														MN 10			8.7
						Clarendonian								MN 10			9.4
														MN 9			9.7
							Southland	Waiauan						MN 9			11.04
														MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian															11.63
						Barstovian											12.5
														MN 6			12.8 *
								Lillburnian						MN 6			13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian						MN 5			13.82
								Clifdenian									15.1
							Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian												MN 4			15.98
						Hemingfordian								MN 4			16.3
						Hemingfordian								MN 3			16.9
						Arikareean											18.5
								Otaian									18.7
														MN 2			20
		Aquitanian															20.44
							Landon	Waitakian									21.7
														MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
								Duntroonian									25.2
								Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
						Whitneyan											29.5
						Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian											33.9
							Arnold	Runangan									34.6
								Kaiatan									36.7
						Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian															37.71
								Bortonian									39.1
						Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
								Heretaungan									45.7
						Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian	47.8
			Mangaorapan	48.9
			Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
			Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
			Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
						Planulata	179.3 *
						Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Kanense		181.3 *
						Carlottense		182.3 *
						Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae		184.2
						Freboldi		185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Wordian							Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Kungurian							Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian							Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian							Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
		Asselian								Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Kuzel	298.9
			Stephanian							Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Dorogomilovian		303.7
									Khamovnikian		304.8
									Khamovnikian	Cantabrian	305 *
									Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian							Myachkovian		307
			Westphalian						Myachkovian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Podolskian	Westphalian D	308.9 *
									Podolskian	Westphalian C	309.8
									Kashirian		311.4 *
									Vereian		313.8
									Vereian	Westphalian B	314.6
									Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian			315.2				Melekessian
					Cheremshanian				316.9 *
					Cheremshanian				Westphalian A	317 *
					Prikamian				Westphalian A	318.6 *
			Namurian		Prikamian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *				Yeadonian
				Severokeltmian	Marsdenian				320.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian	Marsdenian				321.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian	Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
				Voznesenian	Kinderscoutian				321.9 *
					Alportian				322 *
					Chokierian				323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	Chokierian				323.2
				Zapaltjubian	Arnsbergian				324 *
				Protvian					324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Steshevian	Pendleian				327.4 *
				Tarusian	Pendleian				329 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	Venevian				330.9
					Mikhailovian				331.9 *
					Aleksinian				333.7 *
					Tulian				335.8 *
			Livian	Asbian †	Tulian				336.3 *
			Livian	Asbian †	Bobrikian				339.9 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	Bobrikian				340.2 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	Radaevkian				343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		Kosvian			346.7
					Kizelian			350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Hastarian		Cherepetian	353.7 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
								Cressagian			480.8 *
								Cressagian			Mansian †	483.55 *
											Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
											Aksaian					490.7 *
											Sakian					492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian		500.5							Mayan/Menevian
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan							Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian								Lenian †			510 *
				Toyonian							Dyeran				511 *
				Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3													514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Montezuman	Atdabanian							515.6 *
			Begadean	Atdabanian							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian							521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †						529
																	538.8