PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America		Obsolete Precambrian Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean													0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean													0.0004
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean													0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean													0.129
				Chibanian				Irvingtonian													0.21
				Calabrian				Irvingtonian													0.774
				Calabrian				Blancan													1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
				Zanclean																	3.6
				Zanclean				Hemphillian													4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian				Clarendonian													9.4
				Serravallian				Clarendonian													11.63
				Serravallian				Barstovian													12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
								Hemingfordian													16.3
								Arikareean													18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
				Rupelian																	27.82
								Whitneyan													29.5
								Orellan													31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian													33.9
				Priabonian				Duchesnean													37
				Bartonian				Duchesnean													37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan													39.7
				Lutetian				Uintan													41.2
				Lutetian				Bridgerian													46.2
				Ypresian				Bridgerian													47.8
								Wasatchian													50.5
								Clarkforkian													54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian													56
				Thanetian				Tiffanian													56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian													59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian													60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian													61.6
				Danian				Puercan													63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
				Campanian																	72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
				Kimmeridgian																	149.2
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras																168.2
				Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense																168.4
				Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni																170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta																174.7
Planulata					179.3 *
Planulata					Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
Kanense						181.3 *
Carlottense						182.3 *
Kunae						183.5 *
Kunae				Pliensbachian		184.2
Freboldi						185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian			192.9
Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras		196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Dorashamian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Dzhulfian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		Midian	259.51
			Wordian				Wordian		Midian	264.28
			Wordian				Wordian		Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian				Roadian		Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian		Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
									Cathedralian	Bolorian	279.8
									Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian								283.5
										Yakhtashian	286
							Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	Yakhtashian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian						Lenoxian	Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian						Nealian	Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian								Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian								Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian								Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian								Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian								Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian								Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chesterian	323.2
			Visean					330.9			Chesterian
								Meramecian			335.8 *
								Osagean			343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Osagean			346.7
			Tournaisian					Kinderhookian			351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
			Pragian								Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian										Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
													Cautleyan			448.9 *
													Pusgillian			449.3 *
												Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
													Streffordian	Berounian			449.7 *
													Cheneyan				451.5 *
													Burrellian				452.7 *
			Sandbian														453
																Actonian †	453.2 *
																Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
																Longvillian †		455.2 *
																		Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Aurelucian							456.8 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
				Liben †									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn						Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
														Dobrotivian	458.5 *
														Oretanian	459.7 *
												Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
				Sarka †													461.7 *
			Dapingian	Klabava †													467.3
Arenigian														468
						Arenig						Fennian		468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									Fennian		470
												Whitlandian		471.1 *
												Moridunian		474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian		Tremadocian								477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian										480.8 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †				Poundian †			Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran								Vendian †				Wonokan †			Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian															Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian															Karatau	1000
		Stenian															Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian															Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian															Burzyan	1375
																					1400