PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of China	Silurian of North America			Silurian of England	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean												0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian												0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian												11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
						Hemingfordian												16.3
						Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
						Whitneyan												29.5
						Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian												33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean												37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian												47.8
						Wasatchian												50.5
						Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian												56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian				Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian				100.5
														Middle Albian				106.2 *
														Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian				113
		Aptian												Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian				139.8
														Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
														Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian		168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian		168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian		174.7
			Planulata				179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Kanense					181.3 *
			Carlottense					182.3 *
			Carlottense		Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Kunae		Early Toarcian			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
			Freboldi					185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian		227
		Carnian					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian		237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian		251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	Longtanian †			254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	Longtanian †			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian				273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian				283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian				285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian				290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian				298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								West Fallsian/Sonyean	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian								Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
											Cayugan		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
											Niagaran		Bringewood/Elton	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian												425.6
		Gorstian											Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian											Buildwas	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian										Wych	Woolhope	Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian													430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian												Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian													436.3 *
		Aeronian													438.5
															Alexandrian	438.7 *
												Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
											Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
																440.7 *
		Rhuddanian														440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian														443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		504.5
																		509