PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America					Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian															0.0117
		Chibanian																			0.129
		Calabrian																			0.774
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean														Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean				Yushean															3.6
		Zanclean				Baodean															4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian				Tunggurian															11.1
		Serravallian				Tunggurian															11.63
		Langhian				Shanwangian															13.82
		Burdigalian				Shanwangian															15.98
		Burdigalian				Xiejiaan															16.9
		Aquitanian				Xiejiaan															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan												56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras																		168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense																		168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta																		174.7
			Planulata																		179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi																179.8 *
			Kanense																		181.3 *
			Carlottense																		182.3 *
			Kunae																		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae																		184.2
			Freboldi																		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras																	186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras																	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis																	190.3 *
		Sinemurian																			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras																196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites																		196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																			208.5
		Carnian																			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein	Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller			259.51
		Wordian						Leine			264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan					Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian				Eifelian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli										Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
													Alexandrian	438.7 *
											Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
														440.7 *
		Rhuddanian												440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Cincinnatian		Gamachian		443.8
		Katian											Gamachian		445.2
													Richmondian		446 *
													Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
													Edenian			450.4 *
											Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian											Chatfieldian			453
													Turinian			453.7 *
											Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian															458.4
		Dapingian															467.3
		Dapingian											Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Ibexian		Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian											Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian											Tulean					477.7
													Stairsian					480.3 *
													Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Skullrockian					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean															493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean															494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †													497
		Drumian		Marjumian														500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			Topazan											504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			Delamaran											506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Waucoban †		Delamaran											509
		Stage 4					Dyeran											511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran											514
							Montezuman											514.8 *
							Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																529
																					538.8