PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mammal Paleogene Zones		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Ordovician of China			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean						Wanganui	Haweran		0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean									0.014
				Chibanian						Rancholabrean									0.129
										Irvingtonian									0.21
																	Castlecliffian		0.34
				Calabrian															0.774
										Blancan									1.4
																	Nukumaruan		1.63
				Gelasian													Nukumaruan		1.8
				Gelasian													Mangapanian		2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Mangapanian		2.58
				Piacenzian													Waipipian		3
				Zanclean													Waipipian		3.6
																	Opoitian		3.7
										Hemphillian							Opoitian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
				Messinian													Tongaporutuan		7.2
				Tortonian														Pannonian	7.246
										Clarendonian									9.4
																Southland	Waiauan		11.04
				Serravallian														Sarmatian	11.63
										Barstovian								Sarmatian	12.5
																		Badenian	12.8 *
																	Lillburnian	Badenian	13.05
				Langhian													Lillburnian		13.82
																	Clifdenian		15.1
																Pareora	Altonian		15.9
				Burdigalian															15.98
										Hemingfordian									16.3
										Arikareean									18.5
																	Otaian		18.7
				Aquitanian													Otaian		20.44
				Aquitanian												Landon	Waitakian		21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25								Waitakian		23.03
																	Duntroonian		25.2
																	Whaingaroan		27.3
				Rupelian				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21											27.82
										Whitneyan									29.5
										Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Chadronian									33.9
																Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																	Kaiatan		36.7
										Duchesnean									37
				Bartonian				MP 16											37.71
																	Bortonian		39.1
										Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11											41.2
																Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																	Heretaungan		45.7
										Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7											47.8
																	Mangaorapan		48.9
										Wasatchian							Mangaorapan		50.5
										Wasatchian							Waipawan		52
										Clarkforkian							Waipawan		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Clarkforkian							Teurian		56
				Thanetian				MP 6		Tiffanian									56.2
				Selandian						Tiffanian									59.2
				Selandian						Torrejonian									60.9
				Danian						Torrejonian									61.6
Puercan	63.8			Danian
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian	Mata		Haumurian	66
			Campanian						Haumurian	72.1
			Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
			Santonian				Raukumara		Teratan	86.1
			Coniacian							86.3
			Turonian							89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
			Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
							Clarence		Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic			Motuan	100.5
									Urutawan	103.3
							Taitai		Korangan	108.4
			Aptian						Korangan	113
			Aptian							117.5
			Barremian							121.4
			Hauterivian			Neocomian				125.77
			Valanginian							132.6
			Berriasian							139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
			Kimmeridgian							149.2
			Oxfordian							154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
			Bathonian							165.3
			Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
										Planulata	179.3 *
										Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
										Kanense		181.3 *
										Carlottense		182.3 *
										Kunae		183.5 *
			Pliensbachian							Kunae		184.2
										Freboldi		185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
												Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian										192.9
										Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
										Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
			Hettangian							Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
			Norian										208.5
			Carnian										227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian										Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian										Wordian	264.28
			Roadian										Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian										Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian											Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian											Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian										Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian											Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian					Nealian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
			Kasimovian											303.7
			Moscovian											307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou				Wufeng †					443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian		445.2			Wufeng †
			Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian			477.7
						Lianghekou †	477.9 *
						Lianghekou †	Mansian †		483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian		Tavgian †					Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian								489.5
							Aksaian								490.7 *
							Sakian								492.2 *
			Paibian												494
			Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian								497
			Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian								499.5
			Drumian				Mayan/Menevian								500.5
			Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Amgan/Solvan								509
							Toyonian		Lenian †			510 *
							Botomian					512.5 *
			Stage 3				Botomian			514
			Stage 3				Atdabanian			515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian			521
			Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
			Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Poundian †					538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Wonokan †					571.7 *
																			635