PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan		150
							Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Planulata						179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
			Kanense						181.3 *
			Carlottense						182.3 *
			Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae						184.2
			Freboldi						185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Aratauran		188.9
									189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian					Warepan		208.5
							Otamitan		217
							Oretian		221
		Carnian					Oretian		227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian					Etalian		238
		Anisian					Etalian		242
		Anisian					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian					Flettian		264.28
		Wordian					Barettian		266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
		Artinskian					Telfordian	285
									288.5