PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran										0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian					Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian										0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian										2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian										3
		Zanclean					Waipipian										3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian										3.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan										7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian					Waiauan										11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian										13.82
							Clifdenian										15.1
						Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian					Altonian										15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian										23.03
							Duntroonian										25.2
							Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
						Arnold	Runangan										34.6
							Kaiatan										36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan										37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian										39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian										41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
							Heretaungan										45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan										47.8
							Mangaorapan										48.9
							Waipawan										52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian										56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian										66
		Campanian					Haumurian										72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan										83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan										86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
							Mangaotanean										90.5
							Arowhanan										93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan										93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian										95.2
							Motuan										99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan										100.5
							Urutawan										103.3
						Taitai	Korangan										108.4
		Aptian					Korangan										113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian						Leine	264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian								Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian								Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
										Meramecian	335.8 *
										Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									Emsian	393.3
		Pragian									Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian									Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian								443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian								Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian									449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
			Dobrotivian											458.5 *
			Oretanian											459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian									Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian											468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian											477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				494									Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian								Albertian †	497
		Drumian		500.5		Marjumian
		Wuliuan		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran		514
				Montezuman		514.8 *
				Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																	538.8