PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan	150
										Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Planulata								179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
			Kanense								181.3 *
			Carlottense								182.3 *
			Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae								184.2
			Freboldi								185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi							Aratauran	188.9
											189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian									192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian								Warepan	208.5
										Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian					Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian						Etalian	238
		Anisian						Etalian	242
		Anisian						Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian	249
		Induan						Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan					DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian						Flettian	264.28
		Wordian						Barettian	266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				283.5		Mangapirian
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean						Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian						Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian						Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian	427.4
	Wenlock	Homerian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
											430.5