PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of England		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											Late Miocene		7.246
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene		11.63
		Langhian											Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene		15.98
		Aquitanian											Early Miocene		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic	Late Albian							100.5
								Middle Albian							106.2 *
								Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian							113
		Aptian						Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian							139.8
								Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
								Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras					Late Bajocian							168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Late Bajocian							168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					Late Toarcian							174.7
			Planulata												179.3 *
					Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
								Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
			Kanense												181.3 *
			Carlottense												182.3 *
			Carlottense					Early Toarcian							182.9 *
			Kunae					Early Toarcian							183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
			Freboldi												185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras											189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis											190.3 *
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian						Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian		323.2
		Visean						Chesterian		330.9
								Meramecian		335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
				Edenian							450.4 *
				Mohawkian						Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian	453							Chatfieldian
			Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian		Canadian †					Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean								477.7
				Stairsian								480.3 *
				Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran						Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran								514
						Montezuman								514.8 *
						Montezuman						Placentian		517.1
						Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8