PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of England		Permian of the Salt Range	Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Cenozoic 6			0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian										Cenozoic 5			11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Cenozoic 4			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Cenozoic 4			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Cenozoic 3			33.9
		Bartonian										Cenozoic 3			37.71
		Lutetian										Cenozoic 2			41.2
		Ypresian										Cenozoic 2			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Cenozoic 1			56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian				Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian										Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian										Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian										Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic				Cretaceous 4	Late Albian		100.5
													Middle Albian		106.2 *
													Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian										Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian		113
		Aptian										Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian										Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian						Neocomian				Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian										Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
													Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
													Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian										Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian										Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras										Late Bajocian		168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										Late Bajocian		168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										Late Toarcian		174.7
			Planulata												179.3 *
					Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
													Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Kanense												181.3 *
			Carlottense												182.3 *
			Carlottense										Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Kunae										Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae									Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Freboldi												185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian		251.2
							Griesbachian		251.4 *
							Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein	Permian 4		Kathwai		251.902
											252.4 *
									Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian							Chhidru		254.14
									Kalabagh		255 *
									Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller					259.51
		Wordian				Leine					264.28
											265.3 *
									Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian					Permian 3		Amb		266.9
		Roadian					Permian 3				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton				421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood				423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas				426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas				427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope				428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian									Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
			Aksaian									490.7 *
			Sakian									492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian									500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian									503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian	Cambrian 3	Topazan							504.5
					Topazan							505.3
					Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian								510 *
			Toyonian		Dyeran						511 *
			Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2							514
					Montezuman						514.8 *
			Atdabanian		Montezuman						515.6 *
			Atdabanian		Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian								521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1		529
															538.8