PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of China		Devonian of France	Silurian of the Baltic	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian									Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian									Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Yushean						2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
											Hemphillian					4.7
										Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
											Clarendonian					9.4
										Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian														11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian								Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
											Hemingfordian					16.3
										Xiejiaan	Hemingfordian					16.9
											Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
											Whitneyan					29.5
											Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian									Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian									Bridgerian					47.8
											Wasatchian					50.5
											Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian									Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian									Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian		113
		Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
														Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
														Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	146.3 *											Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian	168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian	168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian	174.7
			Planulata			179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Kanense				181.3 *
			Carlottense				182.3 *
			Carlottense		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Kunae		Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Freboldi				185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma						421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare						423
		Ludfordian		Paadla						423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula						Gleedonian	427.4
				Jaagarahu						Gleedonian	429.2 *
										Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani							431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani							433.4
		Telychian		Adavere							434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere							438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula							439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula							440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru							441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10	Sunwaptan		487.5		Niuchehean
		Jiangshanian	Sunwaptan		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean		Jiangshanian		493 *
		Paibian			Paibian		494
		Paibian			Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian		Wangcunian †		Marjumian				Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Drumian		Wangcunian †		Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian				Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian				Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian				Delamaran				Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Duyunian				Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian				Dyeran					514
							Montezuman					514.8 *
							Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian			530.7
																538.8