PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America						Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian											Late Miocene	7.246
				Serravallian											Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian											Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
				Aquitanian											Early Miocene	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian											Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras											168.2
				Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense											168.4
				Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta											174.7
					Planulata											179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi									179.8 *
					Kanense											181.3 *
					Carlottense											182.3 *
					Kunae											183.5 *
				Pliensbachian	Kunae											184.2
					Freboldi											185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras										186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras										189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis										190.3 *
				Sinemurian												192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras									196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites											196.5 *
				Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
Wuchiapingian			Lopingian	Zechstein				254.14
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Rotliegendes				259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian				283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian							Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
			Dapingian										467.3
			Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				485.4
			Stage 10											487.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan											504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
		Series 2	Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †	Poundian †							538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †	Wonokan †							571.7 *
																635