PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of Western Europe	Permian Subages of Germany	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Nihewanian		0.0117
				Chibanian																0.129
				Calabrian																0.774
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Yushean	Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean														Yushean		3.6
				Zanclean														Baodean		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Tortonian														Tunggurian		11.1
				Serravallian														Tunggurian		11.63
				Langhian														Shanwangian		13.82
				Burdigalian														Shanwangian		15.98
				Burdigalian														Xiejiaan		16.9
				Aquitanian														Xiejiaan		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
				Bartonian																37.71
				Lutetian																41.2
				Ypresian																47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan					145
				Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan					149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan					150
															Heterian					154.5
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Callovian											Temaikan					164.3
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras															168.2
				Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense															168.4
				Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta															174.7
					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									Herangi	Ururoan					176
					Planulata															179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi													179.8 *
					Kanense															181.3 *
					Carlottense															182.3 *
					Kunae															183.5 *
				Pliensbachian	Kunae															184.2
					Freboldi															185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras														186.2 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi										Aratauran					188.9
																				189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis														190.3 *
				Sinemurian																192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras													196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites															196.5 *
				Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites															199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian					Warepan	208.5
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
			Carnian					Oretian	227
			Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian					Etalian	238
			Anisian					Etalian	242
			Anisian					Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
			Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	Buntsandstein	Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian					Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	Ohre/Aller	Aparima	Flettian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian					Leine		Flettian			264.28
										Barettian			266
											Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian								Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian								Kubergandian		273.01
										Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
											Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian				Autunian						283.5
										Telfordian			285
										Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
											Yakhtashian		288.5
			Sakmarian								Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian								Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
			Kasimovian										303.7
			Moscovian										307
			Bashkirian										315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
			Visean										330.9
			Tournaisian										346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
			Pragian										407.6
			Lochkovian										410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli											Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli											Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian										Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian										Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian										Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian										Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian										Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian										Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian										Jaani	433.4
			Telychian										Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian										Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian										Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian										Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian										Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Kosovian		443.8
			Katian			Kralodvorian							Bohdalec †		445.2
			Katian			Berounian									449.7 *
			Sandbian	453
				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †										456.2 *
				Liben †											458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
						Dobrotivian									458.5 *
						Oretanian									459.7 *
				Sarka †											461.7 *
			Dapingian	Klabava †											467.3
			Dapingian			Arenigian									468
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian									470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian											477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
			Jiangshanian												489.5
			Paibian												494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Series 3 †												497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4													509
Series 2		Stage 3													514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2													521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian													529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Wonokan †								Vendian †	571.7 *
																				635