PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean														Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean														Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian															Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian															Pannonian	Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian														Middle Miocene	Sarmatian	Clarendonian	11.63
																	Sarmatian	Barstovian	12.5
																	Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene			15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian														Early Oligocene			27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian														Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian														Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
																		Wasatchian	50.5
																		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian														Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras																168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense																168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		Gamachian		445.2
									Rawtheyan		Richmondian		446 *
									Cautleyan				448.9 *
									Cautleyan			Eastonian	449 *
									Pusgillian				449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
											Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian				450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
									Cheneyan						451.5 *
									Cheneyan			Gisbornian			452 *
									Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian													453
													Actonian †		453.2 *
											Turinian		Actonian †		453.7 *
													Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †			455.2 *
									Aurelucian							456.8 *
										Whiterockian				Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Darriwilian				458.4
		Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Darriwilian				461.3 *
		Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Yapeenian				467.3
					Arenig			Fennian	468.4 *				Yapeenian
									Castlemainian				468.5 *
			Rangerian	469.1 *					Castlemainian
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	Chewtonian		470
								Whitlandian			Chewtonian		471.1 *
											Bendigonian		471.8 *
											Lancefieldian		473.5 *
				Tulean									473.9 *
								Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc			Migneintian					477.7
				Stairsian				Migneintian					480.3 *
				Stairsian				Cressagian					480.8 *
				Skullrockian						Demingian †			482 *
											Warendian		482.8 *
								485 *			Warendian
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
																			487.5