PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of Western Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene				0.0117
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene				0.129
				Calabrian					Early Pleistocene				0.774
				Gelasian					Early Pleistocene				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene				3.6
			Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene				5.333
				Tortonian					Late Miocene				7.246
				Serravallian					Middle Miocene				11.63
				Langhian					Middle Miocene				13.82
				Burdigalian					Early Miocene				15.98
				Aquitanian					Early Miocene				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene				23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene				33.9
				Bartonian					Middle Eocene				37.71
				Lutetian					Middle Eocene				41.2
				Ypresian					Early Eocene				47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene				56
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene				59.2
				Danian					Early Paleocene				61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras								168.2
				Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
				Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
					Planulata								179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
					Kanense								181.3 *
					Carlottense								182.3 *
					Kunae								183.5 *
				Pliensbachian	Kunae								184.2
					Freboldi								185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
				Sinemurian									192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
				Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
				Norian									208.5
				Carnian									227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian			247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian			251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
Wuchiapingian			Lopingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Zechstein		254.14
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian						264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian					Autunian		283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †			298.9
			Kasimovian					Mapingian †			303.7
			Kasimovian								305.9
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian		Pridoli							Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani		433.4
			Telychian						Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian						Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian						Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian						Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
			Sandbian								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian								470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
			Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								Branchian	509
			Stage 3								Branchian	514
			Stage 3			Placentian					517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian					Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau				1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan				1375
													1400