PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian							Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
									Hemingfordian					16.3
									Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
									Whitneyan					29.5
									Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian					47.8
									Wasatchian					50.5
									Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian							Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan	150
													Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian											Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras											168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Planulata			179.3 *
			Planulata			Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense				181.3 *
			Carlottense				182.3 *
			Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae				184.2
			Freboldi				185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Aratauran			188.9
								189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
								Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
										Cantabrian	305 *
											305.9
		Moscovian									307
								Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean						Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian						Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian						Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									Emsian	393.3
		Pragian									Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Sunwaptan							487.5
		Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan							489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean							493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †							497
		Drumian	Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †							509
		Stage 4	Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran								514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
														538.8