PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of West Avalonia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean	Late Pliocene				2.58
		Zanclean						Yushean	Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean						Baodean	Early Pliocene				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian						7.246
		Tortonian					Pannonian	Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian					Sarmatian		Middle Miocene				11.63
		Serravallian					Badenian						12.8 *
		Langhian						Shanwangian					13.82
		Burdigalian						Shanwangian	Early Miocene				15.98
		Burdigalian						Xiejiaan					16.9
		Aquitanian						Xiejiaan					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
			Planulata										179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
			Kanense										181.3 *
			Carlottense										182.3 *
			Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae										184.2
			Freboldi										185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras									189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis									190.3 *
		Sinemurian											192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras								196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Dorashamian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Dzhulfian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Midian				259.51
		Wordian				Midian				264.28
		Wordian				Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian				273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian				283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
									Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										489.5
											Steptoean	493 *
									Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian								498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Caerfai	Branchian			Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran							514
			Montezuman							514.8 *
			Montezuman		Placentian					517.1
			Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
													538.8