PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of China	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian							0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean							2.58
		Zanclean						Yushean							3.6
		Zanclean						Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian						Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian						Tunggurian							11.63
		Langhian						Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian						Shanwangian							15.98
		Burdigalian						Xiejiaan							16.9
		Aquitanian						Xiejiaan							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic				Late Albian		100.5
													Middle Albian		106.2 *
													Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian		113
		Aptian											Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
													Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
													Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras										Late Bajocian		168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										Late Bajocian		168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										Late Toarcian		174.7
			Planulata												179.3 *
					Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
													Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Kanense												181.3 *
			Carlottense												182.3 *
			Carlottense										Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Kunae										Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Freboldi												185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
										Xiaodushanian	300 *
							Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
											Cantabrian	305 *
										Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian				307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D		307.4 *
									Westphalian C		309.8
									Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B		315.2
									Westphalian A		317 *
									Westphalian A	Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
									Marsdenian		320.2 *
									Marsdenian	Lousuan	321.2 *
									Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian	Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
									Arnsbergian		324 *
									Pendleian		327.4 *
								Shangsian	Pendleian		330.8 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
							Warnantian	Jiusian	Brigantian †		335 *
							Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
							Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Late Famennian		358.9
										Middle Famennian		365.3 *
										Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian								Late Frasnian		372.2
										Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
				Early Frasnian						379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko						Late Givetian		382.7
			Middle Givetian		383.7 *
			Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Chotec	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Chotec	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan				489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †				497
		Drumian			Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4			Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran					514
					Montezuman					514.8 *
					Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
															538.8