PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene			0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene			11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene			15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene			23.03
									Monroecreekian							23.1 *
									Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian									Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene			33.9
		Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene			37
		Bartonian									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene			37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene			47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene			56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Senonian		66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Gallic		100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian												Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras													168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense													168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta													174.7
			Planulata													179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi											179.8 *
			Kanense													181.3 *
			Carlottense													182.3 *
			Kunae	183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae	184.2
			Freboldi	185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian								273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian					Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																538.8