PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of North America		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Russian Platform		European Faunal Units	Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian			2.58
				Piacenzian									Ruscinian			3.1 *
				Zanclean									Ruscinian			3.6
			Miocene	Messinian									Turolian			5.333
				Tortonian									Turolian			7.246
				Tortonian									Vallesian			8.7
				Serravallian									Astaracian			11.63
				Langhian									Astaracian			13.82
				Burdigalian									Orleanian			15.98
				Burdigalian									Agenian			20
				Aquitanian									Agenian			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras											168.2
				Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense											168.4
				Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta											174.7
					Planulata											179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi									179.8 *
					Kanense											181.3 *
					Carlottense											182.3 *
					Kunae											183.5 *
				Pliensbachian	Kunae											184.2
					Freboldi											185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras										186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras										189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis										190.3 *
				Sinemurian												192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras									196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites											196.5 *
				Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Tatarian				Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian					Wordian	Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian	Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian	Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian				Cathedralian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
										Filipovian	276.5 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
								Hessian		Saraninian	281.9 *
			Artinskian						Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
										Irginian	285.9 *
				Wolfcampian				Lenoxian		Irginian	286.1 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian					Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian								Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean								Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian								Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian											407.6
			Lochkovian											410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
		Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
			Aeronian											438.5
			Rhuddanian											440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
			Katian											445.2
			Sandbian											453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian											477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
			Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian												500.5
			Wuliuan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian								509
			Stage 3		514	Branchian
			Stage 3		Placentian	517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian							538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian					Karatau							800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau							1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian							1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian							1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan							1375
		Calymmian												1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian												1600
		Orosirian												1800
		Rhyacian												2050
		Siderian												2300
Archean	Neoarchean													2500
	Mesoarchean													2800
	Paleoarchean													3200
	Eoarchean													3600
Hadean														4000
																4600