PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian													Bumbanian		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Gashatan			56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian										66
				Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras														168.2
				Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense														168.4
				Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta														174.7
					Planulata														179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi												179.8 *
					Kanense														181.3 *
					Carlottense														182.3 *
					Kunae														183.5 *
				Pliensbachian	Kunae														184.2
					Freboldi														185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras													186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras													189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis													190.3 *
				Sinemurian															192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras												196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites														196.5 *
				Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian											251.902
				Changhsingian				Baoqingian											253.4 *
				Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian											254.14
				Wuchiapingian				Laibinian											257.7 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan											259.51
				Wordian				Kuhfengian											264.28
				Roadian				Kuhfengian											266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian											273.01
				Artinskian				Luodianian											283.5
				Artinskian				Longlinian											285.4 *
				Sakmarian				Longlinian											290.1
				Asselian				Zisongian										Bursumian †	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian										Virgilian	298.9
				Gzhelian				300.1										Virgilian
				Kasimovian				Missourian		303.7
				Kasimovian				Desmoinesian		305.9 *
				Moscovian				Desmoinesian		307
				Moscovian				Atokan		312.7 *
				Bashkirian				Atokan		315.2
				Bashkirian				Morrowan		318.4 *
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian		323.2
				Visean				Chesterian		330.9
								Meramecian		335.8 *
								Osagean		343.1 *
				Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
				Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
				Pragian					Siegen	407.6
				Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
			Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
			Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
				Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
				Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
				Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
				Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
				Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
			Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
				Telychian					Adavere		434 *
				Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
				Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
				Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
				Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
				Katian								Pirgu	445.2
												Vormsi	449.6 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
												Oandu		452 *
				Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
						Haljala						453.9
						Kukruse						456.4 *
					Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
			Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku		458.4
					Lasnamagi		458.9 *
					Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland		Kunda				462.9 *
						Valaste †/Hunderum	Kunda				464.3 *
							Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
	Dapingian			467.3			Volkhov
	Dapingian			Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician		Floian				470
						Latorp †					470.1 *
				Hunneberg							473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Hunneberg							477.7
				Varangu							481.3 *
				Pakerort							482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
Steptoean			Jiangshanian									493 *
Steptoean			Paibian									494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Marjumian								Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan									504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran									506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran								Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2										521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
																			635