PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian										Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian										Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian										Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian										Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †				Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian										Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean										Chapadmalalan				3.6
												Montehermosan				3.7 *
												Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
												Chasicoan				7.9 *
												Mayoan				9.9 *
												Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian										Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian										Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian										Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian										Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian										Friasian				15.98
												Santacrucian				16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian										Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian										Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian										Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian										Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian										Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian										Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian										Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Riochican				56
												Itaboraian				56.9 *
												Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian										Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian										100.5
						Middle Albian										106.2 *
						Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian										113
		Aptian				Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian										139.8
						Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
						Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
						Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
						Early Kimmeridgian									Ohauan	152.2 *
						Early Kimmeridgian									Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras			Late Bajocian	168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian	168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Late Toarcian	174.7
			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Herangi		Ururoan		176
			Planulata						179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Kanense							181.3 *
			Carlottense							182.3 *
			Carlottense			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
			Kunae			Early Toarcian				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
			Freboldi							185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi							Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Aratauran				188.9
											189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras							Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras						Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour		Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Sevatian			Warepan		208.5
						Alaunian					213.2 *
						Lacian					216.7 *
									Otamitan		217
									Oretian		221
		Carnian				Tuvalian			Oretian		227
						Tuvalian	Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
						Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian					237
						Longobardian			Etalian		238
						Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian					242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
						Aegean		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian			247.2
						Smithian			248.9 *
						Smithian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Dienerian			251.2
						Griesbachian			251.4 *
						Griesbachian	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian	Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Puruhauan	Longtanian †		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian							Flettian		264.28
		Wordian							Barettian		266
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Kungurian							Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian							Mangapirian		283.5
									Telfordian		285
											288.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian							393.3
		Pragian		Siegen							407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		504.5
																509