PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127356 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran				Cenozoic 6	0
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Chibanian																	0.129
				Chibanian												Castlecliffian					0.34
				Calabrian												Castlecliffian					0.774
				Calabrian												Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian												Nukumaruan					1.8
				Gelasian												Mangapanian					2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian					2.58
				Piacenzian												Waipipian					3
				Zanclean												Waipipian					3.6
				Zanclean												Opoitian					3.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
				Messinian												Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian												Tongaporutuan					7.246
				Tortonian											Southland	Waiauan					11.04
				Serravallian												Waiauan				Cenozoic 5	11.63
				Serravallian												Lillburnian					13.05
				Langhian												Lillburnian					13.82
																Clifdenian					15.1
															Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian												Altonian					15.98
				Burdigalian												Otaian					18.7
				Aquitanian												Otaian					20.44
				Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian					21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian				Cenozoic 4	23.03
																Duntroonian					25.2
																Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian																	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																Cenozoic 3	33.9
															Arnold	Runangan					34.6
																Kaiatan					36.7
				Bartonian												Kaiatan					37.71
				Bartonian												Bortonian					39.1
				Lutetian												Bortonian				Cenozoic 2	41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
																Heretaungan					45.7
				Ypresian												Heretaungan					47.8
																Mangaorapan					48.9
																Waipawan					52
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian				Cenozoic 1	56
				Selandian																	59.2
				Danian																	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian					Mata	Haumurian				Cretaceous 8	66
				Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Haumurian				Cretaceous 7	72.1
				Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Piripauan				Cretaceous 6	83.6
				Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
				Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
																Mangaotanean					90.5
																Arowhanan					93.7
				Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Arowhanan				Cretaceous 5	93.9
															Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
																Motuan					99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian		Gallic						Motuan				Cretaceous 4	100.5
								Late Albian								Urutawan					103.3
								Middle Albian								Urutawan					106.2 *
								Middle Albian							Taitai	Korangan					108.4
								Early Albian													109.9 *
				Aptian				Late Aptian												Cretaceous 3	113
								Late Aptian													117.5
								Early Aptian													119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Neocomian	125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian			139.8
				Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
				Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras					Late Bajocian	168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Late Bajocian	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Early Bajocian	168.6 *
			Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Late Toarcian		174.7
				Planulata						179.3 *
										Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
								Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Kanense							181.3 *
				Carlottense							182.3 *
				Carlottense				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
				Kunae				Early Toarcian			183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
				Freboldi							185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi							Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras							Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras						Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian						Sevatian			208.5
									Alaunian			213.2 *
									Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian						Tuvalian	Triassic 3		227
			Carnian						Julian	Triassic 3		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian	Triassic 2		237
			Ladinian						Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian						Illyrian			242
									Pelsonian			243.8 *
	Bithynian								244.7 *
	Aegean								245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian						Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian							251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
			Wordian									264.28
			Roadian							Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian									283.5
			Sakmarian									290.1
			Asselian							Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Carboniferous 5		298.9
			Kasimovian							Carboniferous 5		303.7
			Moscovian							Carboniferous 4		307
			Bashkirian							Carboniferous 4		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Carboniferous 3		323.2
			Visean							Carboniferous 2		330.9
			Tournaisian							Carboniferous 1		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Devonian 5		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7				Devonian 3
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian			Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
		Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton		421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian				Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas			427.4
			Homerian		Wych		Woolhope			428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1				433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni				Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
			Katian			Pirgu							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Vormsi							Kralodvorian		449.6 *
						Vormsi							Berounian		449.7 *
						Nabala									Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere										450.6 *
						Oandu										452 *
			Sandbian			Keila				Idavere †					Ordovician 4	453
						Haljala										453.9
						Haljala										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Kukruse					456.4 *
						Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
				Liben †							458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Ordovician 3			458.4
													Dobrotivian	458.5 *
						Lasnamagi							Dobrotivian	458.9 *
						Lasnamagi							Oretanian	459.7 *
						Aseri								460.4 *
				Sarka †		Aseri									461.7 *
					Oeland	Kunda									462.9 *
						Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum					464.3 *
						Volkhov									Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Klabava †					467.3
													Arenigian			468
						Billingen										469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian													470
										Latorp †						470.1 *
						Hunneberg										473.7 *
Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	Tremadocian		Hunneberg					477.7
						Varangu					481.3 *
						Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Pakerort				Cambrian 5			485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
													Sunwaptan			487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan			489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian						Albertian †			Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian		Marjumian									Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan									Cambrian 3			504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran												506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran						Waucoban †						509
		Stage 4		Dyeran												511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran									Cambrian 2			514
				Montezuman												514.8 *
				Begadean												519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											Cambrian 1			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian						538.8
		Cryogenian																	635
		Tonian																	720
		Tonian											Karatau						800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau						1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan						1375
																					1400