PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of England		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene						3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene						7.246
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene						11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene						13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene						15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian									100.5
						Middle Albian									106.2 *
						Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian									113
		Aptian				Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian									139.8
						Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
						Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras			Late Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian								Humphresianum	168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian								Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Late Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Planulata												179.3 *
					Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
															180.1
						Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
			Kanense												181.3 *
			Kanense										Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Carlottense												182.3 *
			Carlottense			Early Toarcian									182.9 *
			Kunae			Early Toarcian									183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Freboldi												185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras											189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian				Sevatian				208.5
						Alaunian				213.2 *
						Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian				227
		Carnian				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian				237
		Ladinian				Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian				242
						Pelsonian				243.8 *
						Bithynian				244.7 *
						Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian				251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian							Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean							Shangsian	330.9
		Visean							Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian							Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian			365.3 *
							Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian			372.2
							Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
							Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian			382.7
							Middle Givetian			383.7 *
							Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian			410.8
							Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych			Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Telychian		436.3 *
		Aeronian		438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †		450 *
					Viru		Rakvere			450.6 *
							Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †		453
							Haljala			453.9
							Kukruse			456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku			458.4
							Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Aseri	460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda	462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
							Latorp †			470.1 *
						Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg				477.7
						Varangu				481.3 *
						Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort	Late Cambrian					485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
															538.8