PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian								Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean								Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian								Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian								Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian								Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Humphresianum								168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense								174.7
			Planulata												179.3 *
					Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
															180.1
			Kanense												181.3 *
			Kanense			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum									182
			Carlottense												182.3 *
			Kunae												183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni									184.2
			Freboldi												185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras											189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis											190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi									192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras										196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites												196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
										Dobrotivian				458.5 *
										Oretanian				459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian									Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian								Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470			Arenigian
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian				477.7
															485.4