PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of North America		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian													Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian													Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian													Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian													Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian													Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †										Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian													Waipipian		3
		Zanclean													Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean													Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian													Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian												Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian													Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian													Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian													Lillburnian		13.82
															Clifdenian		15.1
														Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian													Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian													Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian													Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian												Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Waitakian		23.03
															Duntroonian		25.2
															Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
														Arnold	Runangan		34.6
															Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian													Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian													Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian													Bortonian		41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
															Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian													Heretaungan		47.8
															Mangaorapan		48.9
															Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Teurian		56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian													Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian													Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian												Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
															Mangaotanean		90.5
															Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian													Arowhanan		93.9
														Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
															Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Motuan		100.5
															Urutawan		103.3
														Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian													Korangan		113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian								Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian							Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian											305.9
		Moscovian										Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian										Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean										Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian										Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										Couvinien		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian									393.3
		Pragian			Siegen									407.6
		Pragian			Siegen							Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine							Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli													419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian												423
	Ludlow	Gorstian												425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian												427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian												430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian												433.4
		Aeronian												438.5
		Rhuddanian												440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												443.8
		Katian												445.2
		Sandbian												453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian												467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian												477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †											497
		Guzhangian												Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Branchian	509
		Stage 3												Branchian	514
		Stage 3												Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																	538.8